OL Lab 2: Periodic Table/Ionic and Covalent Bonds
Learning Objectives

• Describe the structure and organization of the periodic table
• Classify elements of a family based on their location in the periodic table
• Distinguish metals from other element classes based on typical characteristics
• Use the flame color test to identify metals based on their position in the periodic table
• Explain valence electrons and oxidation state of a main group element to its position in the periodic table
• Describe the main trends among groups and periods for atomic properties
• Explain the causes on the atomic level for the main trends among groups and periods concerning atomic radii, ionization energy and electronegativity
• Describe the formation of ionic and covalent bonds
• Identify anions and cations
• Apply the octet rule
• Describe ionic lattice structure
• Draw Lewis dot structures
• Explain the formation of single, double, and triple bonds
• Distinguish between ionic compounds and covalent compounds
Introduction
Have you ever wondered how atoms are held together? In this simulation, you will learn the basics about atomic bonding in ionic and covalent compounds, and how to distinguish those compounds experimentally. With all this knowledge, you will help your friend analyze two mysterious substances he received from an alchemist. By testing their specific physical properties, you’ll be able to identify the nature of the substances. Finally, you will learn how ions form lattice structures and how this influences the property of a compound.
Test solubility and conductivity
Atoms can interact in many different ways, creating new compounds with unique properties. In the first mission of the Ionic and Covalent Bonds simulation, your task is to choose appropriate laboratory equipment to test the solubility and conductivity of the two substances. You will explore how these properties differ in ionic and covalent compounds.
Draw Lewis dot structures
In the second part of the Ionic and Covalent Bonds simulation, you will learn about the octet rule and how to apply this to building Lewis dot structures in a virtual drawing activity. You will see that there are many ways that covalent bonds can be formed, depending on the compound and electron configuration. You will also learn how to identify lone pair electron in a covalent bond.
Determine melting points
In the last mission, your task is to determine the melting point of the two substances by using a melting point apparatus. You will explore how your results are connected to the ability of ions to form a lattice structure.

Part 1: Complete Labster lab Periodic Table of Elements: Get the table organized in time! (about 40 mins)
Complete all activities and answer all questions within the lab and then complete the questions below:
1. For each of the following elements, give another element in the same family (2 points)
a. F
b. Mg
c. C
d. S

2. In your own words, describe the term electronegativity

3. In your own words, describe the term ionization energy

Part 2: Complete Labster Lab Ionic and Covalent Bonds (about 40 mins)
Complete all activities and answer all questions within the lab and then complete the questions below:

1. Purpose: Describe in complete sentences and in your own words, the purpose of this experiment.

2. Observations: Record three observations from the simulation.
I.
II.
III.

3. In your own words, explain the term Ionic bond

4. In your own words, explain the term Covalent bond

5. For each of the below, predict the expected ion each could become by giving the charges (2 points)
a. O
b. Li
c. Mg
d. N

6. For each of the molecules below, determine what molecular shape you would expect
a. HCN
b. PCl3

7. Reflection: Consider what you learned from this simulation. Reflect on three to four key concepts that you learned in this lab exercise. How could the lessons learned in this virtual lab relate to a real world situation in the community/world or your future career? Be specific in your answer (this should require 5-10 sentences).

Grading Rubric:
Activity Deliverable Points
Part I Complete Periodic Table simulation 10
Part II Complete Ionic and Covalent Bonding simulation 10
Part III Complete lab report and answer questions
• Purpose (1 point)
• Observation (7 points)
• Questions (5 points)
• Reflection (2 points) 15
Total Complete all lab activities 35