Part I:
An example of punishment from my own life is when I was younger and I accidentally broke a vase in my house. As a result, my parents grounded me for a week, meaning that I was not allowed to go out with my friends or engage in any form of entertainment during that time.

(a) This is an example of negative punishment because it involved the removal of a desirable stimulus, which in this case was my freedom to go out and have fun. Being grounded was an unpleasant consequence that decreased the likelihood of me breaking vases in the future.

(b) This example involved a conditioned punisher because the punishment, being grounded, was not inherently aversive, but it was learned through experience that breaking things would lead to being grounded. The grounding became a conditioned punisher as it acquired its punishing properties through its association with the act of breaking the vase.

Part II:
A three-term contingency refers to the relationship between three elements: the antecedent (A), the behavior (B), and the consequence (C). It is a way of analyzing and understanding the contingencies that influence behavior. In this three-term contingency, the antecedent sets the occasion for a certain behavior, which is then followed by a consequence.

For example, in a classroom setting, the teacher may provide a direction (antecedent) to the students to complete a worksheet. The students then start working on the worksheet (behavior). After they complete the worksheet, the teacher checks their answers and provides praise and a sticker to those who did well (consequence).

In this scenario, the antecedent is the teacher's direction, the behavior is the student's completion of the worksheet, and the consequence is the praise and sticker. By examining these three terms, we can understand how the antecedent and consequence influence the occurrence and likelihood of the behavior.

Part III:
Respondent extinction refers to the process of weakening or eliminating a conditioned response by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. In other words, it involves breaking the association between a conditioned stimulus and its previously elicited response.

For example, let's say a person has acquired a fear of dogs after being bitten by one in the past. Every time they see a dog (conditioned stimulus), they experience fear and anxiety (conditioned response), even if the dog is friendly and poses no actual threat. Through respondent extinction, the person can gradually overcome their fear. This could involve being exposed to calm and friendly dogs repeatedly in a safe and controlled environment, without any negative consequences. Over time, as the person realizes that the conditioned stimulus (dog) no longer predicts the unconditioned stimulus (harm), the conditioned response (fear) weakens and eventually extinguishes.

Respondent extinction is a fundamental principle in therapies like exposure therapy, where individuals are gradually exposed to feared stimuli in a controlled and systematic manner to overcome their anxiety or phobias.

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