In using the following table, note which intermolecular attractive interactions are present for each of the following substances. For each interaction, explain why you selected it or why you did not. Be specific.
Substance Dispersion Dipole-dipole Hydrogen bonding Ion-dipole
CO (g)
AlCl3 (aq)
C2H4
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Substance: CO (g)
- Dispersion: Yes. Dispersion forces, also known as London forces, are present in all molecules, regardless of their polarity. They arise due to temporary fluctuations in the electron cloud of a molecule, which create a temporary dipole that can induce a dipole in a neighboring molecule.
- Dipole-dipole: Yes. CO is a polar molecule because the electronegativity difference between carbon and oxygen leads to a dipole moment. Therefore, it experiences dipole-dipole interactions.
- Hydrogen bonding: No. Hydrogen bonding requires a hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom (N, O, or F). CO does not have any hydrogen atoms.
- Ion-dipole: No. Ion-dipole interactions occur between an ion and a polar molecule. CO is a neutral molecule, not an ion.
Substance: AlCl3 (aq)
- Dispersion: Yes. Even though AlCl3 is an ionic compound, when it is dissolved in water (as indicated by the (aq)), it forms ions that can interact with the electron clouds of water molecules, leading to dispersion forces.
- Dipole-dipole: No. AlCl3 is an ionic compound and does not have dipole-dipole interactions.
- Hydrogen bonding: No. AlCl3 does not contain hydrogen atoms bonded to N, O, or F, so it cannot form hydrogen bonds.
- Ion-dipole: Yes. When AlCl3 is dissolved in water, it forms Al3+ and Cl- ions. These ions can interact with the polar water molecules, leading to ion-dipole interactions.
Substance: C2H4
- Dispersion: Yes. All molecules, including C2H4, have dispersion forces due to temporary fluctuations in their electron clouds.
- Dipole-dipole: No. C2H4 is a nonpolar molecule because the electronegativity difference between carbon and hydrogen is very small, so it does not have a significant dipole moment.
- Hydrogen bonding: No. While C2H4 does contain hydrogen atoms, they are not bonded to N, O, or F, so it cannot form hydrogen bonds.
- Ion-dipole: No. C2H4 is a neutral molecule, not an ion, so it cannot have ion-dipole interactions.
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