In one or two sentences, discuss how each of the four factors below play a role in determining relative acidity strength. In other words, discuss the general trends, be concise and specific
(a) Periodic Trends
(b) Resonance
(c) Induction
(d) Orbitals
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(a) Periodic trends: Generally, as you move across a period on the periodic table, acidity strength increases due to the increasing electronegativity of elements, which results in greater ability to stabilize negative charge in the conjugate base.
(b) Resonance: The presence of resonance structures can increase acidity strength by delocalizing the negative charge and spreading it over multiple atoms, making the conjugate base more stable.
(c) Induction: The presence of electronegative atoms or groups nearby can increase acidity strength by withdrawing electron density from the conjugate base, stabilizing it through the inductive effect.
(d) Orbitals: Acidity strength is generally enhanced when the atom donating the proton has a large, diffuse, and easily polarizable orbital, as this allows for better overlap and stabilization of the negative charge in the conjugate base.
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