In Nicomachean Ethics, Book I, Chapter 13, Aristotle introduces his conception of “virtue.” Explain the general relation between virtue and the soul (according to Aristotle). Next, explain Aristotle’s distinction between virtues of thought and virtues of character.
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According to Aristotle in Nicomachean Ethics, virtue is closely related to the soul. He argues that virtue is not simply a state or quality of a person, but rather it is an activity or habit that manifests the optimal functioning of the soul. In other words, virtue is achieved when the soul performs its functions well and in accordance with reason.
Aristotle conceptualizes the soul as having two distinct faculties: the rational and the non-rational. The rational faculty is responsible for the exercise of reason and contemplation, while the non-rational faculty comprises both the vegetative (responsible for growth and nutrition) and the appetitive (concerned with desires and emotions).
Aristotle distinguishes between two types of virtues: virtues of thought (also known as intellectual virtues) and virtues of character (also known as moral virtues).
Virtues of thought are acquired through education and intellectual development. These virtues pertain to the rational faculty of the soul and involve the exercise of practical wisdom, theoretical wisdom, and other forms of practical reasoning. Virtues of thought enable individuals to make good judgments and decisions based on rationality and understanding.
On the other hand, virtues of character pertain to the non-rational faculties of the soul, especially the appetitive faculty. These virtues are acquired through habituation and practice, where individuals cultivate and internalize virtuous habits and dispositions. Virtues of character include traits such as courage, temperance, generosity, and justice, among others. These virtues regulate and harmonize desires and emotions, ensuring that they are in line with reason.
Aristotle argues that virtues of thought are particularly important in guiding and directing virtues of character. While virtues of character are necessary for achieving individual and social well-being, they must be guided by rational judgment and understanding. Virtues of thought function as a guiding force, enabling individuals to develop and exercise virtues of character in the right way and to the appropriate degree.
Overall, Aristotle's distinction between virtues of thought and virtues of character highlights the importance of reason in developing virtuous tendencies of the soul. Both types of virtues are integral to achieving eudaimonia, or flourishing, but virtues of thought play a critical role in guiding and enhancing virtues of character.
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