Explain the relationship between genotypes and phenotypes in dominant and recessive gene systems (OpenStax, section 8.2)
1. Define:
a) Chromosome =
b) Allele =
c) Trait =
d) Phenotype =
e) Genotype =
Relationship between genotypes and phenotypes (continued from page 1)
2. When a eukaryotic offspring receives genetics from each parent, the sperm and egg (or pollen and ova in plants) each contribute 1 set of chromosomes. Those chromosomes – unless the organism has been in-bred for generations – can bring different traits. The following terms explain appearance of those traits.
3. Define:
a) Homozygous =
b) Heterozygous =
c) Dominant =
d) Recessive =
RULES for solving genetics problems:
For each of the genotypes, CAPITAL letter = DOMINANT; lowercase letter = recessive.
Each parent will contribute one “letter” to the offspring, whose phenotype results.
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1. Definitions:
a) Chromosome: A thread-like structure made of DNA and proteins that carries genetic information.
b) Allele: Alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.
c) Trait: A characteristic that is inherited and can be observed in an organism.
d) Phenotype: The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, determined by its genotype and the environment.
e) Genotype: The genetic constitution of an individual organism, determined by the combination of alleles it possesses.
2. When an offspring receives genetic material from each parent, it inherits one set of chromosomes from each parent. These chromosomes can carry different alleles, which can influence the traits observed in the offspring.
3. Definitions:
a) Homozygous: Having two identical alleles for a particular gene.
b) Heterozygous: Having two different alleles for a particular gene.
c) Dominant: Describes an allele that is expressed in the phenotype regardless of whether it is present in the homozygous or heterozygous state.
d) Recessive: Describes an allele that is only expressed in the phenotype when present in the homozygous state.
RULES for solving genetics problems:
- In a dominant and recessive gene system, uppercase letters represent dominant alleles while lowercase letters represent recessive alleles.
- Each parent will contribute one allele to the offspring, and the combination of these alleles determines the offspring's genotype and ultimately its phenotype.
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