1. Utilitarianism and deontological ethics are two major ethical approaches:

- Utilitarianism focuses on the consequences or outcomes of actions. It suggests that the morality of an action is determined by its ability to maximize overall happiness or well-being for the greatest number of people. In utilitarianism, the end justifies the means, and the actions are evaluated based on their overall utility or usefulness. For example, if lying in a specific situation maximizes happiness and prevents harm, it may be considered morally justified under the utilitarian approach.

- Deontological ethics, on the other hand, focuses on the inherent nature of actions rather than their consequences. It suggests that actions are morally right or wrong based on certain ethical principles or rules. In deontological ethics, adhering to these principles takes priority over achieving certain outcomes. For example, telling the truth is considered morally right under the deontological view, regardless of the potential negative consequences it may have.

2. Different categories of unethical police behavior include:

- Use of excessive force: This refers to situations where police officers use more force than necessary, resulting in harm or injury to individuals. An example could be a police officer using a firearm against a suspect who poses no immediate threat.

- Racial profiling and discrimination: This occurs when police officers unfairly target individuals based on their race or ethnicity, leading to biased policing practices. For example, stopping and searching someone solely based on their skin color or ethnic background rather than reasonable suspicion.

- Corruption and bribery: This involves police officers engaging in acts of accepting bribes or using their authority for personal gains. For instance, a police officer accepting money to overlook illegal activities or favoring certain individuals in criminal investigations.

3. Civil liability under Federal Code 42 U.S.C. Section 1983 refers to the potential legal accountability of governmental officials, including police officers, for violating a person's civil rights. Section 1983 allows individuals to bring civil lawsuits seeking compensation for damages caused by the violation of their constitutional rights by government officials acting under the "color of law." It enables individuals to hold law enforcement officers accountable for actions exceeding their authority or violating established rights, such as unlawful arrests, excessive force, or denying someone their right to due process.

To establish civil liability under Section 1983, a plaintiff must typically prove that:

- The defendant acted under the "color of law" (acting as a government official).
- The defendant violated a right secured by the U.S. Constitution or federal law.
- The violation caused the plaintiff to suffer damages (physical, emotional, or financial).

Successful plaintiffs may be entitled to damages, attorney's fees, and injunctions to prevent future violations.

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