Communication is the process of exchanging information, ideas, thoughts, and feelings between two or more individuals. It involves both the transmission and reception of messages, either verbally or non-verbally, and is a fundamental aspect of human interaction.

Communication as a process involves several steps or stages that can be described as follows:

1. Sender: The person who initiates the communication by formulating and encoding a message.

2. Encoding: The process of converting the message into a form that can be understood by the receiver. This can involve choosing appropriate words, tone, gestures, or symbols.

3. Message: The actual information or content being transmitted by the sender.

4. Channel: The medium or mode through which the message is conveyed, such as face-to-face conversation, telephone call, email, or written letter.

5. Receiver: The person or group of people who receive and interpret the message from the sender.

6. Decoding: The process of extracting and interpreting the meaning of the received message by the receiver.

7. Feedback: The response or reaction from the receiver to the sender's message. It allows the sender to assess the effectiveness of their communication and make necessary adjustments.

8. Noise: Any interference or barriers that may hinder the intended message from being accurately transmitted or received. This can include distractions, language barriers, physical obstacles, or misunderstandings.

There are various models of communication that explain and illustrate the process and elements involved. Two commonly discussed models are the Shannon-Weaver model and the Berlo's model.

1. Shannon-Weaver Model: Developed by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, this model is commonly known as the "transmission model" of communication. It portrays communication as a linear process where information is transmitted from a sender to a receiver through a channel. Noise is seen as potential interference that may disrupt the transmission of the message.

2. Berlo's Model: Developed by David Berlo, this model emphasizes the importance of the various elements involved in communication. It includes four components: the source (sender), message, channel, and receiver. It also considers the role of the context in which communication takes place, as well as the influence of the receiver's perception and interpretation of the message.

The eight essential components of communication are:

1. Sender: The person who initiates and transmits the message.
2. Message: The information or content being conveyed.
3. Encoding: The process of converting the message into a form that can be understood by the receiver.
4. Channel: The medium or mode through which the message is transmitted.
5. Receiver: The person or group of people who receive and interpret the message.
6. Decoding: The process of extracting and interpreting the meaning of the received message.
7. Feedback: The response or reaction from the receiver to the sender's message.
8. Noise: Any interference or barriers that may hinder the intended message from being accurately transmitted or received.

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